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56 Dunning-Kruger Effect and Anxiety in a Mexican population
- Natalia L. Acosta, Krissy E. Smith, Tara L. Victor, David H. Hardy, Alberto L. Fernandez, Raymundo Cervantes, Ana Paula P. Quiñones, Carolina G. Castañeda, Jill Razani, Isabel D.C. Muñoz, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 841-842
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Objective:
The Dunning-Krueger effect is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to overestimate their abilities in areas where they are less competent. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Researchers reported that workload ratings on the NASA-TLX increased with increased task demands on a cognitive task. Anxiety is known as an emotion that can make an individual more susceptible to develop a mental health condition. We examine if the Dunning-Krueger effect occurs in a Mexican population with and without current symptoms of anxiety and possible factors driving individuals to overestimate their abilities on the CNT. We predicted the abnormal symptoms of anxiety (ASA) group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the normal symptoms of anxiety (NSA) group. We also predicted the low-performance group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the high-performance group.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 192 Mexican participants with NSA (79 low-performance & 113 high-performance) and 74 Mexican participants with ASA (44 low-performance & 30 high-performance). Participants completed the CNT, NASA-TLX, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Spanish. The NASA-TLX was used to evaluate perceived workloads after the completion of the CNT. Meanwhile, the HADS was used to create our anxiety groups. Finally, CNT raw scores were converted into T-scores, which then were averaged to create the following two groups: low-performance (CNT T-Score <50) and high-performance (CNT T-Score 50+). A series of 2x2 ANCOVAs, controlling for gender were used to evaluate CNT performance and perceived workloads.
Results:We found a significant interaction where the low-performance ASA and the high-performance NSA groups demonstrated better CNT performance and reported higher perceived workloads (i.e., performance, temporal demand) on the CNT compared to their respective counterparts (i.e., low-performance NSA & high-performance ASA groups), p's<.05, ηp's2=.02. We found a main effect where the high-performance group outperformed the low-performance group on the CNT and reported lower perceived workloads on the CNT, p's<.05, ηp's2 =.04-.46.
Conclusions:The Dunning-Krueger effect did not occur in our sample. Participants that demonstrated better CNT performance also reported higher perceived workloads regardless of their current symptoms of anxiety. A possible explanation can be our sample's cultural norms of what would be considered as abnormal symptoms of anxiety, is a normal part of life, decreasing the possibilities to experience self-efficacy distoritions. Future studies should investigate whether the Dunning-Kruger effect may be influencing other aspects of cognitive functioning subjectively in Mexicans residing in Mexico and the United States with and without current symptoms of anxiety.
22 Cordoba Naming Test Performance and Acculturation in a Geriatric Population
- Isabel C.D. Muñoz, Krissy E. Smith, Santiago I. Espinoza, Diana M. R. Maqueda, Adriana C. Cuello, Ana Paula Pena, Carolina Garza, Raymundo Cervantes, Jill Razani, Tara L. Victor, David J. Hardy, Alberto L. Fernandez, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 335-336
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Objective:
A commonly used confrontation naming task used in the United States is The Boston Naming Test (BNT). Performance differences has been found in Caucasian and ethnic minorities on the BNT. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task developed in Argentina. Past research has shown acculturation levels can influence cognitive performance. Furthermore, one study evaluated geriatric gender differences on CNT performance in Spanish. Researchers reported that older male participants outperformed female participants on the CNT. To our knowledge, researchers have not evaluated ethnic differences on the CNT using a geriatric sample. The purpose of the present study was to examined CNT performance and acculturation in a Latinx and Caucasian geriatric sample. It was predicted the Caucasian group would outperform the Latinx group on the CNT. Moreover, the Caucasian group would report higher acculturation levels on the Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) compared to the Latinx group.
Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 9 Latinx and 11 Caucasian participants with a mean age of 66.80 (SD =6.10), with an average of 14.30 (SD = 2.00) years of education. All participants were neurologically and psychologically healthy and completed the CNT and the AMAS in English. Acculturation was measured via the AMAS English subscales (i.e., English Language, United States. Identity, United States, Competency). A series of ANCOVAs, controlling for years of education completed and gender, was used to evaluate CNT performance and acculturation.
Results:The ethnic groups were not well demographically matched (i.e., years of education and gender).We found that the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on CNT performance p = .012, ηp 2 = .34. Furthermore, the Caucasian group reported higher acculturation levels (i.e., English Language, United States, Identity, United States, Competency) compared to the Latinx group p’s < .05, ηps2 = .42-.64.
Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate CNT performance between ethnic groups with a geriatric sample. As expected the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on the CNT. Also, as expected the Caucasian group reported higher English acculturation levels compared to the Latinx group. Our findings are consistent with past studies showing ethnic differences on confrontational naming performance (i.e., The Boston Naming Test), favoring Caucasians. A possible explanation for group differences could have been linguistic factors (e.g., speaking multiple languages) in our Latinx group. Therefore, since our Latinx group reported lower levels of English Language, United States identity, and United States competency the Latinx group assimilation towards United States culture might of influence their CNT performance. Future studies with different ethnic groups (e.g., African-Americans) and a larger sample size should examine if ethnic differences continue to cross-validate in a geriatric sample.
22 How Cultural Factors Affect CVLT Performance in Individuals from the Former Soviet Union
- Kayla Gorenstein, Seth M Almaraz, Jill Razani
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 436
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Objective:
Neuropsychological test norms are developed as a reference point for assessing normal and abnormal test performance (Manly & Echemendia, 2007; Mitrushina et al., 2005). However, these norms are often created without considering the cultural experiences that influence neuropsychological test performance in ethnically diverse individuals. Since the Soviet Union’s collapse, approximately 2.66 million people migrated to different countries, with one of the most popular destinations being the United States (Tishkov, Zayinchkovskaya, & Vitkovskaya, 2005). The objective of this study was to examine whether specific cultural factors can significantly influence Former Soviet Union’s neuropsychological test performance on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition Short Form (CVLT-II-SF).
Participants and Methods:A total of 66 fluent, English-speaking first- or second-generation healthy immigrants from the Former Soviet Union participants were recruited from the greater Los Angeles area for this study. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 75 years old. Participants were administered the CVLT-II-SF as part of a larger battery. This shorter version of the CVLT-II requires participants to learn 9 words that fall into 3 different categories over 4 learning trials. This is followed by distractor task, free recall of the 9 items and free recall of the items again after 10 minutes, followed by recall with cuing of the categories. A questionnaire designed to assess the participants’ various cultural experiences was given and include the amount of education that was obtained outside of the U.S. as well as the percentage of time they spoke English growing up. Finally, all participants completed an acculturation measure.
Results:Correlation analysis was performed in order to assess which cultural factors significantly correlated with the CVLT-II-SF variables. The results revealed that two of the cultural factors (percentage of education that was obtained outside of the U.S. and the acculturation score) are significantly correlated with several neuropsychological variables. Stepwise regression analysis was then used to further examine the best cultural predictors of CVLT-II-SF variables. This analysis revealed that the percent of education obtained outside of the U.S. significantly predicted the total learning trial scores, the long free recall trial, and the long-cued recall trials, while the acculturation scores significantly predicted the short free recall trial.
Conclusions:The results of this study indicate that specific cultural factors should be taken into account when interpreting the test results of immigrants of former Soviet Union individuals. More specifically, acculturation and the amount of education obtained outside of the U.S. are important factors to consider.
24 Classification of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impartment Patient's Activities of Daily Living
- Isabel D.C. Munoz, Veronica Gutierrez, Jill Razani
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 235
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Objective:
Research has shown significant deficits in cognitive domains and a decline in activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) also experience struggles with ADL; moreover, research documents that many MCI patients' symptoms gradually worsen such that their diagnosis eventually converts to AD. Different cognitive domains (i.e., memory, executive function, attention etc.) impact ADL performance. Commonly used instruments for assessing ADL are subjective measures filled by primary caregivers. Subjective measures are not able to assess actual ADL performance. Thus, performance-based tests, such as the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS), tests of ADLs are more informative. The purpose of this study is to analyze classification accuracy rates for AD and MCI patients with use of five ADL subscales and overall performance a performance-based ADL test.
Participants and Methods:As part of a larger study, 61 patients diagnosed with AD and 54 age- and education matched patients diagnosed with MCI were administered the DAFS. All patients were administered the Direct Assessment of Functional Status test. This test assesses orientation to time, communication skills, knowledge of transportation rules, financial abilities, and ability to shop for groceries, as well as basic daily skills such as grooming and eating skills. For the purpose of this study, grooming and eating abilities were not used in the analysis.
Results:Discriminant functional analysis was performed to assess the classification accuracy rates for AD and MCI patients using their ability to perform various types of ADL tasks on the DAFS. The analysis revealed total DAFS scores and all five subscales significantly classified AD and MCI patients performance (all p values < .01). While performance across the DAFS subscale scores accurately classified MCI at rates ranging from 67% - 90%, the rates of accurate classification was much lower for AD patients (29.5% - 62.3%). Of the subscales, the DAFS Shopping task best discriminated and classified the performance of AD at 62% and MCI at 67%.
Conclusions:These results indicates that a performance-based ADL test can aid in classification of AD and MCI. The fact that the DAFS shopping subscale which requires learning and memory abilities had the best accuracy rates, is consistent with profound memory deficits found in AD patients. This study further highlights the importance of using observational-based measures to assess ADL in MCI and AD patients.
A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of HIV infection
- MARK REGER, ROBERT WELSH, JILL RAZANI, DAVID J. MARTIN, KYLE B. BOONE
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 8 / Issue 3 / March 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2002, pp. 410-424
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This meta-analysis summarizes the broad spectrum of neuropsychological research on HIV disease across a sample of 41 primary studies and an aggregate of 8,616 participants for 10 major neuropsychological ability areas. Analyses of the course of cognitive decline within and across Centers for Disease Control classifications reveals statistically significant cognitive deficits from asymptomatic HIV to AIDS. Effect sizes (Cohen, 1988) were calculated to reflect between-group (asymptomatic, symptomatic, AIDS) differences in each neuropsychological domain. Relatively small effect sizes were obtained for the asymptomatic (0.05–0.21) patients, and generally small to moderate effect sizes were obtained for symptomatic (0.18–0.65) HIV+ patients, with motor functioning exhibiting the greatest effects in this later disease stage. The most notable deficits in cognitive functioning were found in the AIDS group with moderate (attention and concentration) to large (motor functioning) effect sizes with values ranging from 0.42–0.82. Comparison of cognitive functioning as a function of disease progression revealed that motor functioning, executive skills, and information processing speed were among the cognitive domains showing the greatest decline from early to later stages of HIV. These findings indicate that cognitive deficits in the early stages of HIV are small and increase in the later phases of the illness, and that specific patterns of cognitive deficits can be detected with disease progression. These results and their clinical utility are further discussed. (JINS, 2002, 8, 410–424.)
Neuropsychological performance of right- and left-frontotemporal dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease
- JILL RAZANI, KYLE BRAUER BOONE, BRUCE L. MILLER, ALISON LEE, DALE SHERMAN
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / May 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2001, pp. 468-480
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The performance of 16 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was compared to 11 patients with right-frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 11 patients with left-FTD on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Standardized scores (i.e., z scores based on normal control data) were analyzed for 5 cognitive domains. The results revealed that the AD group displayed significant impairment in visual–constructional ability relative to the two FTD groups; however, no significant difference was found between the groups on memory scores (verbal and nonverbal). Patients with left-FTD scored significantly below patients with AD on the language measures (e.g., word retrieval, verbal semantic memory), and verbal executive ability (phonemic fluency); AD patients did not differ from patients with right-FTD on these measures. Patients with right-FTD exhibited significantly more perseverative behavior than AD patients; AD patients did not differ from left-FTD patients on this parameter. These results indicate that the pattern of neuropsychological performance of AD patients is distinguishable from patients with left and right frontal frontotemporal dementia. (JINS, 2001, 7, 468–480)
Neuropsychological profiles of adults with Klinefelter syndrome
- KYLE BRAUER BOONE, RONALD S. SWERDLOFF, BRUCE L. MILLER, DANIEL H. GESCHWIND, JILL RAZANI, ALISON LEE, IRENE GAW GONZALO, ANNA HADDAL, KATHERINE RANKIN, PO LU, LYNN PAUL
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / May 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 May 2001, pp. 446-456
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Children and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) have been reported to show deficits in language processing including VIQ < PIQ and a learning disability in reading and spelling. However, whether this is characteristic of adults with Klinefelter syndrome has not been established. Thirty-five men with Klinefelter syndrome, aged 16 to 61, and 22 controls were evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The Klinefelter patients scored significantly below controls in language skills, verbal processing speed, verbal and nonverbal executive abilities, and motor dexterity. Within the Klinefelter sample, three cognitive subgroups were identified: VIQ 7 or more points below PIQ (n = 10), VIQ within 6 points of PIQ (n = 12), and PIQ 7 or more points below VIQ (n = 12). The deficits detected in language, verbal processing speed, and verbal executive skills were found to be isolated to the VIQ < PIQ subgroup, while the abnormalities in motor dexterity and nonverbal executive skills were confined to the PIQ < VIQ subgroup. Older age was significantly correlated with increases in VIQ relative to PIQ in the patient group, which suggests the intriguing possibility that the PIQ < VIQ subgroup primarily emerges in young adulthood, perhaps in response to the reported hormonal abnormalities detected in Klinefelter syndrome patients during puberty. (JINS, 2001, 7, 446–456)